CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS AND PROTOCOLS (1980)

Entry into Force: 2 December 1983

The High Contracting Parties,

Recalling that every State has the duty, in conformity with the Charter

of the United Nations, to refrain in its international relations from the

threat or use of force against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or

political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent

with the purposes of the United Nations.

Further recalling the general principle of the protection of the civilian

population against the effects of hostilities,

Basing themselves on the principle of international law that the right of

the parties to an armed conflict to choose methods or means of warfare is

not unlimited, and on the principle that prohibits the employment in

armed conflicts of weapons, projectiles and material and methods of

warfare of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering,

Also recalling that it is prohibited to employ methods or means of

warfare which are intended, or may be expected, to cause widespread,

long-term and severe damage to the natural environment,

Confirming their determination that in cases not covered by this

Convention and its annexed Protocols or by other international

agreements, the civilian population and the combatants shall at all times

remain under the protection and authority of the principles of

international law derived from established custom, from the principles of

humanity and from the dictates of public conscience,

Desiring to contribute to international detente, the ending of the arms

race and the building of confidence among States, and hence to the

realization of the aspiration of all peoples to live in peace,

Recognizing the importance of pursuing every effort which may contribute

to progress towards general and complete disarmament under strict and

effective international control,

Reaffirming the need to continue the codification and progressive

development of the rules of international law applicable in armed

conflict,

Wishing to prohibit or restrict further the use of certain conventional

weapons and believing that the positive results achieved in this area may

facilitate the main talks on disarmament with a view to putting an end to

the production, stockpiling and proliferation of such weapons,

Emphasizing the desirability that all States become parties to this

Convention and its annexed Protocols, especially the militarily

significant States,

Bearing in mind that the General Assembly of the United Nations and the

United Nations Disarmament Commission may decide to examine the question

of a possible broadening of the scope of the prohibitions and

restrictions contained in this Convention and its annexed Protocols,

Further bearing in mind that the Committee on Disarmament may decide to

consider the question of adopting further measures to prohibit or

restrict the use of certain conventional weapons,

Have agreed as follows:

Article 1

Scope of application

This Convention and its annexed Protocols shall apply in the situations

referred to in Article 2 common to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August

1949 for the Protection of War Victims, including any situation described

in paragraph 4 of Article 1 of Additional Protocol I to these

Conventions.

Article 2

Relations with other international agreements

Nothing in this Convention or its annexed Protocols shall be interpreted

as detracting from other obligations imposed upon the High Contracting

Parties by international humanitarian law applicable in armed conflict.

Article 3

Signature

This Convention shall be open for signature by all States at United

Nations Headquarters in New York for a period of twelve months from 10

April 1981.

Article 4

Ratification, acceptance, approval or accession

1. This Convention is subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by

the Signatories. Any State which has not signed this Convention may

accede to it.

2. The instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession

shall be deposited with the Depositary.

3. Expressions of consent to be bound by any of the Protocols annexed to

this Convention shall be optional for each State, provided that at the

time of the deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance or

approval of this Convention or of accession thereto, that State shall

notify the Depositary of its consent to be bound by any two or more of

these Protocols.

4. At any time after the deposit of its instrument of ratification,

acceptance or approval of this Convention or of accession thereto, a

State may notify the Depositary of its consent to be bound by any annexed

Protocol by which it is not already bound.

5. Any Protocol by which a High Contracting Party is bound shall for that

Party form an integral part of this Convention.

Article 5

Entry into force

1. This Convention shall enter into force six months after the date of

deposit of the twentieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval

or accession.

2. For any State which deposits its instrument of ratification,

acceptance, approval or accession after the date of the deposit of the

twentieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession,

this Convention shall enter into force six months after the date on which

that State has deposited its instrument of ratification, acceptance,

approval or accession.

3. Each of the Protocols annexed to this Convention shall enter into

force six months after the date by which twenty States have notified

their consent to be bound by it in accordance with paragraph 3 or 4 of

Article 4 of this Convention.

4. For any State which notifies its consent to be bound by a Protocol,

annexed to this Convention after the date by which twenty States have

notified their consent to be bound by it, the Protocol shall enter into

force six months after the date on which that State has notified its

consent so to be bound.

Article 6

Dissemination

The High Contracting Parties undertake, in time of peace as in time of

armed conflict, to disseminate this Convention and those of its annexed

Protocols by which they are bound as widely as possible in their

respective countries and, in particular, to include the study thereof in

their programmes of military instruction, so that those instruments may

become known to their armed forces.

Article 7

Treaty relations upon entry into force of this Convention

1. When one of the parties to a conflict is not bound by an annexed

Protocol, the parties bound by this Convention and that annexed Protocol

shall remain bound by them in their mutual relations.

2. Any High Contracting Party shall be bound by this Convention and any

Protocol annexed thereto which is in force for it, in any situation

contemplated by Article 1, in relation to any State which is not a party

to this Convention or bound by the relevant annexed Protocol, if the

latter accepts and applies this Convention or the relevant Protocol, and

so notifies the Depositary.

3. The Depositary shall immediately inform the High Contracting Parties

concerned of any notification received under paragraph 2 of this Article.

4. This Convention, and the annexed Protocols by which a High Contracting

Party is bound, shall apply with respect to an armed conflict against

that High Contracting Party of the type referred to in Article 1,

paragraph 4, of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions of 12

August 1949 for the Protection of War Victims:

(a) where the High Contracting Party is also a party to Additional

Protocol I and an authority referred to in Article 96, paragraph 3, of

that Protocol has undertaken to apply the Geneva Conventions and

Additional Protocol I in accordance with Article 96, paragraph 3, of the

said Protocol, and undertakes to apply this Convention and the relevant

annexed Protocols in relation to that conflict; or

(b) where the High Contracting Party is not a party to Additional

Protocol I and an authority of the type referred to in subparagraph (a)

above accepts and applies the obligations of the Geneva Conventions and

of this Convention and the relevant annexed Protocols in relation to that

conflict. Such an acceptance and application shall have in relation to

that conflict the following effects:

(i) the Geneva Conventions and this Convention and its relevant

annexed Protocols are brought into force for the parties to

the conflict with immediate effect;

(ii) the said authority assumes the same rights and obligations as

those which have been assumed by a High Contracting Party to

the Geneva Conventions, this Convention and its relevant

annexed Protocols; and

(iii) the Geneva Conventions, this Convention and its relevant

annexed Protocols are equally binding upon all parties to the

conflict.

The High Contracting Party and the authority may also agree to accept and

apply the obligations of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions

on a reciprocal basis.

Article 8

Review and amendments

1. (a) At any time after the entry into force of this Convention any High

Contracting Party may propose amendments to this Convention or any

annexed Protocol by which it is bound. Any proposal for an amendment

shall be communicated to the Depositary, who shall notify it to all the

High Contracting Parties and shall see their views on whether a

conference should be convened to consider the proposal. If a majority,

that shall not be less than eighteen of the High Contracting Parties so

agree, he shall promptly convene a conference to which all High

Contracting Parties shall be invited. States not parties to this

Convention shall be invited to the conference as observers.

(b) Such a conference may agree upon amendments which shall be

adopted and shall enter into force in the same manner as this Convention

and the annexed Protocols, provided that amendments to this Convention

may be adopted only by the High Contracting Parties and that amendments

to a specific annexed Protocol may be adopted only by the High

Contracting Parties which are bound by that Protocol.

2. (a) At any time after the entry into force of this Convention any High

Contracting Party may propose additional protocols relating to other

categories of conventional weapons not covered by the existing annexed

Protocols. Any such proposal for an additional protocol shall be

communicated to the Depositary, who shall notify it to all the High

Contracting Parties in accordance with subparagraph 1 (a) of this

Article. If a majority, that shall not be less than eighteen of the High

Contracting Parties so agree, the Depositary shall promptly convene a

conference to which all States shall be invited.

(b) Such a conference may agree, with the full participation of all

States represented at the conference, upon additional protocols which

shall be adopted in the same manner as this Convention, shall be annexed

thereto and shall enter into force as provided in paragraphs 3 and 4 of

Article 5 of this Convention.

3. (a) If, after a period of ten years following the entry into force of

this Convention, no conference has been convened in accordance with

subparagraph 1 (a) or 2 (a) of this Article, any High Contracting Party

may request the Depositary to convene a conference to which all High

Contracting Parties shall be invited to review the scope and operation of

this Convention and the Protocols annexed thereto and to consider any

proposal for amendments of this Convention or of the existing Protocols.

States not Parties to this Convention shall be invited as observers to

the conference. The conference may agree upon amendments which shall be

adopted and enter into force in accordance with subparagraph 1 (b) above.

(b) At such conference consideration may also be given to any proposal

for additional protocols relating to other categories of conventional

weapons not covered by the existing annexed Protocols. All States

represented at the conference may participate fully in such

consideration. Any additional protocols shall be adopted in the same

manner as this Convention, shall be annexed thereto and shall enter into

force as provided in paragraphs 3 and 4 of Article 5 of this Convention.

for the convening of a further conference at the request of any High

Contracting Party if, after a similar period to that referred to in

subparagraph 3 (a) of this Article, no conference has been convened in

accordance with subparagraph 1 (a) or 2 (a) of this Article.

Article 9

Denunciation

1. Any High Contracting Party may denounce this Convention or any of its

annexed Protocols by so notifying the Depositary.

2. Any such denunciation shall only take effect one year after receipt by

the Depositary of the notification of denunciation. If, however, on the

expiry of that year the denouncing High Contracting Party is engaged in

one of the situations referred to in Article 1, the Party shall continue

to be bound by the obligations of this Convention and of the relevant

annexed Protocols until the end of the armed conflict or occupation and,

in any case, until the termination of operations connected with the final

release, repatriation or re-establishment of the person protected by the

rules of international law applicable in armed conflict, and in the case

of any annexed Protocol containing provisions concerning situations in

which peace-keeping, observation or similar functions are performed by

United Nations forces or missions in the area concerned, until the

termination of those functions.

3. Any denunciation of this Convention shall be considered as also

applying to all annexed Protocols by which the denouncing High

Contracting Party is bound.

4. Any denunciation shall have effect only in respect of the denouncing

High Contracting Party.

5. Any denunciation shall not affect the obligations already incurred, by

reason of an armed conflict, under this Convention and its annexed

Protocols by such denouncing High Contracting Party in respect of any act

committed before this denunciation becomes effective.

Article 10

Depositary

1. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be the Depositary of

this Convention and of its annexed Protocols.

2. In addition to his usual functions, the Depositary shall inform all

States of:

(a) signatures affixed to this Convention under Article 3;

(b) deposits of instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval of

or accession to this Convention deposited under Article 4;

Article 4;

(d) the dates of entry into force of this Convention and of each of

its annexed Protocols under Article 5; and

(e) notifications of denunciation received under article 9, and their

effective date.

Article 11

Authentic texts

The original of this Convention with the annexed Protocols, of which the

Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally

authentic, shall be deposited with the Depositary, who shall transmit

certified true copies thereof to all States.

* * * *

PROTOCOL ON NON-DETECTABLE FRAGMENTS (PROTOCOL I)

It is prohibited to use any weapon the primary effect of which is to

injure by fragments which in the human body escape detection by X-rays.

* * * *

PROTOCOL ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF MINES, BOOBY TRAPS AND OTHER DEVICES (PROTOCOL II)

Article 1

Material scope of application

This Protocol relates to the use on land of the mines, booby-traps

and other devices defined herein, including mines laid to interdict

beaches, waterway crossings or river crossings, but does not apply to the

use of anti-ship mines at sea or in inland waterways.

Article 2

Definitions

For the purpose of this Protocol:

1. "Mine" means any munition placed under, on or near the ground or other

surface area and designed to be detonated or exploded by the presence,

proximity or contact of a person or vehicle, and "remotely delivered

mine" means any mine so defined delivered by artillery, rocket, mortar or

similar means or dropped from an aircraft.

2. "Booby-trap" means any device or material which is designed,

constructed or adapted to kill or injure and which functions unexpectedly

when a person disturbs or approaches an apparently harmless object or

performs an apparently safe act.

3. "Other devices" means manually-emplaced munitions and devices designed

to kill, injure or damage and which are actuated by remote control or

automatically after a lapse of time.

4. "Military objective" means, so far as objects are concerned, any

object which by its nature, location, purpose or use makes an effective

contribution to military action and whose total or partial destruction,

capture or neutralization, in the circumstances ruling at the time,

offers a definite military advantage.

5. "Civilian objects" are all objects which are not military objectives

as defined in paragraph 4.

6. "Recording" means a physical, administrative and technical operation

designed to obtain, for the purpose of registration in the official

records, all available information facilitating the location of

minefields, mines and booby-traps.

Article 3

General restrictions on the use of mines, booby-traps

and other devices

1. This Article applies to:

(a) mines;

(b) booby-traps; and

2. It is prohibited in all circumstances to direct weapons to which this

Article applies, either in offence, defence or by way of reprisals,

against the civilian population as such or against individual civilians.

3. The indiscriminate use of weapons to which this Article applies is

prohibited. Indiscriminate use is any placement of such weapons:

(a) which is not on, or directed at, a military objective; or

(b) which employs a method or means of delivery which cannot be

directed at a specific military objective; or

injury to civilians, damage to civilian objects, or a combination

thereof, which would be excessive in relation to the concrete and direct

military advantage anticipated.

4. All feasible precautions shall be taken to protect civilians from the

effects of weapons to which this Article applies. Feasible precautions

are those precautions which are practicable or practically possible

taking into account all circumstances ruling at the time, including

humanitarian and military considerations.

Article 4

Restrictions on the use of mines other than remotely delivered mines,

booby-traps and other devices in populated areas

1. This Article applies to:

(a) mines other th&n remotely delivered mines;

(b) booby-traps; and

2. It is prohibited to use weapons to which this Article applies in any

city, town, village or other area containing a similar concentration of

civilians in which combat between ground forces is not taking place or

does not appear to be imminent, unless either:

(a) they are placed on or in the close vicinity of a military

objective belonging to or under the control of an adverse party; or

(b) measures are taken to protect civilians from their effects, for

example, the posting of warning signs, the posting of sentries, the issue

of warnings or the provision of fences.

Article 5

Restrictions on the use of remotely delivered mines

1. The use of remotely delivered mines is prohibited unless such mines

are only used within an area which is itself a military objective or

which contains military objectives, and unless:

(a) their location can be accurately recorded in accordance with

Article 7(1)(a); or

(b) an effective neutralizing mechanism is used on each such mine,

that is to say, a self-actuating mechanism which is designed to render a

mine harmless or cause it to destroy itself when it is anticipated that

the mine will no longer serve the military purpose for which it was

placed in position, or a remotely-controlled mechanism which is designed

to render harmless or destroy a mine when the mine no longer serves the

military purpose for which it was placed in position.

2. Effective advance warning shall be given of any delivery or dropping

of remotely delivered mines which may affect the civilian population,

unless circumstances do not permit.

Article 6

Prohibition on the use of certain booby traps

1. Without prejudice to the rules of international law applicable in

armed conflict relating to treachery and perfidy, it is prohibited in all

circumstances to use:

(a) any booby-trap in the form of an apparently harmless portable

object which is specifically designed and constructed to contain

explosive material and to detonate when it is disturbed or approached; or

(b) booby-traps which are in any way attached to or associated with:

(i) internationally recognized protective emblems, signs or

signals;

(ii) sick, wounded or dead persons;

(iii) burial or cremation sites or graves;

(iv) medical facilities, medical equipment, medical supplies or

medical transportation;

(v) children's toys or other portable objects or products

specially designed for the feeding, health, hygiene, clothing

or education of children;

(vi) food or drink;

(vii) kitchen utensils or appliances except in military

establishments, military locations or military supply depots;

(viii) objects clearly of a religious nature;

(ix) historic monuments, works of art or places or worship which

constitute the cultural or spiritual heritage of peoples;

(x) animals or their carcasses

2. It is prohibited in all circumstances to use any booby-trap which is

designed to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering.

Article 7

Recording and publication of the location of minefields, mines

and booby-traps

1. The parties to a conflict shall record the location of:

(a) all pre-planned minefields laid by them; and

(b) all areas in which they have made large-scale and pre-planned use

of booby-traps.

2. The parties shall endeavour to ensure the recording of the location of

all other minefields, mines and booby-traps which they have laid or

placed in position.

3. All such records shall be retained by the parties who shall:

(a) immediately after the cessation of active hostilities:

(i) take all necessary and appropriate measures, including the

use of such records, to protect civilians from the effects of

minefields, mines and booby-traps; and either

(ii) in cases where the forces of neither party are in the

territory of the adverse party, make available to each other

and to the Secretary-General of the United Nations all

information in their possession concerning the location of

minefields, mines and booby-traps in the territory of the

adverse party; or

(iii) once complete withdrawal of the forces of the parties from

the territory of the adverse party has taken place, make

available to the adverse party and to the Secretary-General

of the United Nations all information in their possession

concerning the location of minefields, mines and booby traps

in the territory of the adverse party;

(b) When a United Nations force or mission performs functions in any

area, make available to the authority mentioned in Article 8 such

information as is required by that Article;

information concerning the location of minefields, mines and booby traps,

particularly in agreements governing the cessation of hostilities.

Article 8

Protection of United Nations forces and missions from the effects of

minefields, mines and booby traps

1. When a United Nations force or mission performs functions of

peacekeeping, observation or similar functions in any area, each party to

the conflict shall if requested by the head of the United Nations force

or mission in that area, as far as it is able:

(a) remove or render harmless all mines or booby traps in that area;

(b) take such measures as may be necessary to protect the force or

mission from the effects of minefields, mines and booby traps while

carrying out its duties; and

in that area, all information in the party's possession concerning the

location of minefields, mines and booby traps in that area.

2. When a United Nations fact-finding mission performs functions in any

area, any party to the conflict concerned shall provide protection to

that mission except where, because of the size of such mission, it cannot

adequately provide such protection. In that case it shall make available

to the head of the mission the information in its possession concerning

the location of minefields, mines and booby-traps in that area.

Article 9

International co-operation in the removal of minefields, mines

and booby traps

After the cessation of active hostilities, the parties shall endeavour to

reach agreement, both among themselves and, where appropriate, with other

States and with international organizations, on the provision of

information and technical and material assistance - including, in

appropriate circumstances, joint operations necessary to remove or

otherwise render ineffective minefields, mines and booby-traps placed in

position during the conflict.

TECHNICAL ANNEX TO THE PROTOCOL ON PROHIBITIONS OR

RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF MINES, BOOBY TRAPS AND OTHER DEVICES (PROTOCOL II)

Whenever an obligation for the recording of the location of minefields,

mines and booby traps arises under the Protocol, the following guidelines

shall be taken into account.

1. With regard to pre-planned minefields and large-scale and pre-planned

use of booby traps:

(a) maps, diagrams or other records should be made in such a way as

to indicate the extent of the minefield or booby-trapped area; and

(b) the location of the minefield or booby-trapped area should be

specified by relation to the co-ordinates of a single reference point and

by the estimated dimensions of the area containing mines and booby traps

in relation to that single reference point.

2. With regard to other minefields, mines and booby traps laid or placed

in position:

In so far as possible, the relevant information specified in

paragraph 1 above should be recorded so as to enable the areas

containing minefields, mines and booby traps to be identified.

* * * *

PROTOCOL ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF INCENDIARY WEAPONS (PROTOCOL III)

Article 1

Definitions

For the purpose of this Protocol:

1. "Incendiary weapon" means any weapon or munition which is primarily

designed to set fire to objects or to cause burn injury to persons

through the action of flame, heat, or a combination thereof, produced by

a chemical reaction of a substance delivered on the target.

(a) Incendiary weapons can take the form of, for example, flame

throwers, fougasses, shells, rockets, grenades, mines, bombs and other

containers of incendiary substances.

(b) Incendiary weapons do not include:

(i) Munitions which may have incidental incendiary effects, such

as illuminants, tracers, smoke or signalling systems;

(ii) Munitions designed to combine penetration, blast or

fragmentation effects with an additional incendiary effect,

such as armour-piercing projectiles, fragmentation shells,

explosive bombs and similar combined-effects munitions in

which the incendiary effect is not specifically designed to

cause burn injury to persons, but to be used against military

objectives, such as armoured vehicles, aircraft and

installations or facilities.

2. "Concentration of civilians" means any concentration of civilians, be

it permanent or temporary, such as in inhabited parts of cities, or

inhabited towns or villages, or as in camps or columns of refugees or

evacuees, or groups of nomads.

3. "Military objective" means, so far as objects are concerned, any

object which by its nature, location, purpose or use makes an effective

contribution to military action and whose total or partial destruction

capture or neutralization, in the circumstances ruling at the time,

offers a definite military advantage.

4. "Civilian objects" are all objects which are not military objectives

as defined in paragraph 3.

5. "Feasible precautions" are those precautions which are practicable or

practically possible taking into account all circumstances ruling at the

time, including humanitarian and military considerations.

Article 2

Protection of civilians and civilian objects

1.It is prohibited in all circumstances to make the civilian population

as such, individual civilians or civilian objects the object of attack by

incendiary weapons.

2. It is prohibited in all circumstances to make any military objective

located within a concentration of civilians the object of attack by

air-delivered incendiary weapons.

3. It is further prohibited to make any military objective located within

a concentration of civilians the object of attack by means of incendiary

weapons other than air-delivered incendiary weapons, except when such

military objective is clearly separated from the concentration of

civilians and all feasible precautions are taken with a view to limiting

the incendiary effects to the military objective and to avoiding, and in

any event to minimizing, incidental loss of civilian life, injury to

civilians and damage to civilian objects.

4. It is prohibited to make forests or other kinds of plant cover the

object of attack by incendiary weapons except when such natural elements

are used to cover, conceal or camouflage combatants or other military

objectives, or are themselves military objectives.